civil: often suggests little more than the avoidance of overt rudeness: a ~ reply that showed a lack of enthusiasm.  （overt公开的不加隐藏的open and obvious，如overt hostility/discrimination公开的敌意/歧视）


polite: commonly implies polish of speech and manners with sometimes an absence of cordiality: a conversation as ~ as it was condescending.  （polish磨亮优雅修养to rub something with a cloth to make it shine，比喻优雅修养=refinement，如each morning he shaved and polished his shoes他每早刮脸擦鞋）  （cordial诚挚warm and hearty，如cordial relationship/greeting诚挚的迎接/关系，cordial还表示一种浓果汁，来自词根CORD表示heart心，如accord一致，concord和谐，discord不和）


courteous: implies more actively considerate or dignified politeness: clerks who were unfailingly ~ to customers.  （considerate体贴，是指考虑他人感受和痛苦concern for the feelings or distresses of others, 如she is always considerate of other people's feelings她一直体贴他人感受）


gallant: suggests spirited and dashing behavior and ornate expressions of courtesy: a ~ suitor of the old school.  spirited有精神有热情  （dashing潇洒吸引人时髦: attractive and stylish，如a dashing young officer潇洒的年轻军官，如hopelessly enchanted by his dashing looks and deep voice被他潇洒的容貌和深沉的声音深深吸引无法自拔）        (gallant本意是勇敢的brave，如the gallant soldiers lost their lives so that peace might reign again英勇的战士们为恢复和平献出了生命)   ornate华丽,装饰丰富,如本例“华丽”的表达，表示殷勤


chivalrous: suggests high-minded and self-sacrificing attentions: a ~ display of duty.  （the age of chivalry骑士时代）


civil文明: 仅表示避免公然粗鲁，polite礼貌:  指言谈举止优雅有修养，可能缺乏诚挚，courteous礼貌: 比polite更体贴尊重，gallant殷勤、勇敢: 表示潇洒热情，殷勤有礼，chivalrous殷勤有骑士风度: 表示高尚的情操和奉献精神


记忆方法: 1）首字母CCPGC共产党共产<==党员有礼貌       "礼"本义是动词1、击鼓奏乐，奉献美玉美酒，敬拜祖先，或类似的仪式。"豊"是礼的本字，上部像架鼓，下部像一串玉，表示和乐器美玉有关。又如顶礼膜拜典礼礼拜婚礼葬礼礼堂  引申为2、动词尊敬、厚待，如礼遇礼贤下士  3、名词敬重的态度言行，如军礼礼品礼券约我以礼  4、表示等级社会的典章制度，行为规范，传统习惯，如礼法礼教  

         2）练习一下

         3）礼貌的意思是符合良好教养mean observant of the forms required by good breeding.CCPGC共产党共产<==有礼貌